It contains following elements:
- rotational scanner with two axes, equipped with angle encoders;
o with measuring transducer
o with sample holder
- Ultrasonic card OPCARD Single Channel PCI-bus Ultrasonic PR Card
- PCI-DIO48H Logic Level 48-bit Digital I/O Board
- interface - lack box
- two focusing 10MHz ultrasonic probes
- special software
- set of cables
- power supply 12V 400mA
Following measurements and calculations are possible with this device
Measurements based on sound speed measurement
1. First possibility:
Sound speed is calculated immediately from the time of flight measurement, the user must decide, if he is observing longitudinal or transversal wave (this is not difficult, but requires some experience and basic knowledge). It is necessary to know the path length in material (sample dimension).
2. Second possibility uses the measurement of refraction angles:
Fom Snellius formula:
alfa - angle of incidence
ß - refraction angle
v1 - sound speed in medium1
v2 - sound speed in medium 2
If the user measures the refraction angles for each wave and knows the sound speed for one medium (normally water), he will be able to calculate the sound speed of the wave in the second medium - sample.
If the measurement was made for more than one angle, it is possible to use averaging.
Additionaly it is possible to measure the acoustic impedance of material:
Impedance is the product of sound speed and density. And following formulas are valid
Reflection coefficient:
Where: Io - intensity of reflected wave
Ip - intensity of encountering wave
Transmission coefficient:
where: Iz - intensity of refracted wave (coming through)
Measurement of amplitudes of reflected wave under different angles or reflacted and reflected wave gives the possibility to measure the impedance and density.
Further it is possible to calculate mechanical parameters of material from measured sound speeds and density of material.
Following formulas are valid:
Sound speed of longitudinal and transversal wave:
Where ro - density, and delta i mi are Lame constants.
From Lame constants and material density it is possible to calculate all other material constants.